When the world woke up astonished in November 2022 to this “magical” chatbot, few realized that this magic was the result of decades of research. The history of artificial intelligence begins in 1943, when Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts proposed the first mathematical model of an artificial neuron. In 1956, at the Dartmouth Conference, John McCarthy coined the term “Artificial Intelligence” and the discipline was officially born.

The '60s and '70s were characterized by excessive optimism: people thought strong AI was just around the corner. Two “AI winters” followed – periods when funding disappeared and research slowed – because promises weren't materializing. But some continued working in the shadows. Geoffrey Hinton, Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio – those we now call the “godfathers of deep learning” – continued their studies on neural networks when no one believed in them anymore.