A hackmeeting, many years ago. A conference on various open-source projects. They were talking about Kiwix. The audience seemed interested, nodding, asking questions. I sat in the back of the room with a doubt that seemed legitimate but that I didn't dare express out loud: “what's the point of offline Wikipedia?” I mean: the internet is everywhere. If you need to look something up on Wikipedia, you open your browser, search, read. Done. Why would anyone download gigabytes of data to consult an encyclopedia offline? It seemed like a solution in search of a problem. Something for nerds nostalgic for CD-ROM encyclopedias.

It took me years to understand how naive I'd been.

When the world woke up astonished in November 2022 to this “magical” chatbot, few realized that this magic was the result of decades of research. The history of artificial intelligence begins in 1943, when Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts proposed the first mathematical model of an artificial neuron. In 1956, at the Dartmouth Conference, John McCarthy coined the term “Artificial Intelligence” and the discipline was officially born.

The '60s and '70s were characterized by excessive optimism: people thought strong AI was just around the corner. Two “AI winters” followed – periods when funding disappeared and research slowed – because promises weren't materializing. But some continued working in the shadows. Geoffrey Hinton, Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio – those we now call the “godfathers of deep learning” – continued their studies on neural networks when no one believed in them anymore.